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Research article - Peer-reviewed, 2022

Linking rattiness, geography and environmental degradation to spillover Leptospira infections in marginalised urban settings: An eco-epidemiological community-based cohort study in Brazil

Eyre, Max T.; Souza, Fabio N.; Carvalho-Pereira, Ticiana S. A.; Nery, Nivison; de Oliveira, Daiana; Cruz, Jaqueline S.; Sacramento, Gielson A.; Khalil, Hussein; Wunder, Elsio A.; Hacker, Kathryn P.; Hagan, Jose E.; Childs, James E.; Reis, Mitermayer G.; Begon, Mike; Diggle, Peter J.; Ko, Albert, I; Giorgi, Emanuele; Costa, Federico

Abstract

Background: Zoonotic spillover from animal reservoirs is responsible for a significant global public health burden, but the processes that promote spillover events are poorly understood in complex urban settings. Endemic transmission of Leptospira, the agent of leptospirosis, in marginalised urban communities occurs through human exposure to an environment contaminated by bacteria shed in the urine of the rat reservoir. However, it is unclear to what extent transmission is driven by variation in the distribution of rats or by the dispersal of bacteria in rainwater runoff and overflow from open sewer systems. Methods: We conducted an eco-epidemiological study in a high-risk community in Salvador, Brazil, by prospectively following a cohort of 1401 residents to ascertain serological evidence for leptospiral infections. A concurrent rat ecology study was used to collect information on the fine-scale spatial distribution of 'rattiness', our proxy for rat abundance and exposure of interest. We developed and applied a novel geostatistical framework for joint spatial modelling of multiple indices of disease reservoir abundance and human infection risk. Results: The estimated infection rate was 51.4 (95%CI 40.4, 64.2) infections per 1000 follow-up events. Infection risk increased with age until 30 years of age and was associated with male gender. Rattiness was positively associated with infection risk for residents across the entire study area, but this effect was stronger in higher elevation areas (OR 3.27 95% CI 1.68, 19.07) than in lower elevation areas (OR 1.14 95% CI 1.05, 1.53). Conclusions: These findings suggest that, while frequent flooding events may disperse bacteria in regions of low elevation, environmental risk in higher elevation areas is more localised and directly driven by the distribution of local rat populations. The modelling framework developed may have broad applications in delineating complex animal-environment-human interactions during zoonotic spillover and identifying opportunities for public health intervention.

Keywords

zoonotic spillover; leptospirosis epidemiology; multivariate model-based geostatistics; norway rat reservoir; rodent-borne zoonoses; joint spatial modelling; Human; Rat

Published in

eLife
2022, Volume: 11, article number: e73120
Publisher: eLIFE SCIENCES PUBL LTD

    Sustainable Development Goals

    SDG11 Sustainable cities and communities
    SDG3 Good health and well-being

    UKÄ Subject classification

    Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology

    Publication identifier

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.73120

    Permanent link to this page (URI)

    https://res.slu.se/id/publ/119453